The architecture of a database system can be divided into three fundamental layers, each serving a distinct purpose: External Layer The external layer is an essential component of the database system that facilitates interaction between users and ap…

Introduction An unordered file, also known as a heap file, is a storage method where data is accumulated without any specific order. Records are added as they arrive, resulting in an unsorted collection. Unlike structured files that organize data by…

Introduction Sequential access storage refers to a data storage method where information is stored and retrieved sequentially, in a linear order. In this system, data is organized continuously, requiring access to earlier data before reaching the de…

Introduction Direct access storage, also known as random access storage, facilitates rapid and direct data retrieval without being bound by the physical storage location. Unlike sequential access systems, this method enables immediate access to data…